{"id":506106,"date":"2025-07-27T09:23:43","date_gmt":"2025-07-27T07:23:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/osr.org\/?p=506106"},"modified":"2025-07-29T01:36:34","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T23:36:34","slug":"the-science-behind-shooting-stars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/osr.org\/en-uk\/blog\/osrguide\/the-science-behind-shooting-stars\/","title":{"rendered":"The Science Behind Shooting Stars"},"content":{"rendered":"
They dart across the sky in a brilliant flash – fleeting, magical, and often accompanied by a wish. But what exactly are shooting stars? Despite their name, they\u2019re not stars at all. In fact, these spectacular celestial streaks are tiny fragments of space debris burning up in Earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n In this article, we\u2019ll uncover the fascinating science behind shooting stars, including what causes them, why they glow, where they come from, and when and where you can see them. Plus, we\u2019ll take a look at some of the myths and misconceptions that have followed these fiery travellers for centuries!<\/span><\/p>\n A shooting star, also known as a meteor<\/a>, is a streak of light caused by a piece of space debris – usually no larger than a grain of sand – entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere at high speed. As this material burns up from friction with the air, it produces a brief, glowing trail.<\/span><\/p>\n Most shooting stars are caused by meteoroids, small bits of rock or metal from asteroids or comets. When these meteoroids enter the atmosphere and create light, they\u2019re called meteors. If a fragment survives the journey and lands on Earth, it\u2019s called a meteorite<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n As a meteoroid plummets toward Earth, it collides with molecules in the upper atmosphere at speeds ranging from 11 to 72 kilometres per second (that\u2019s up to 160,000 mph!). These collisions generate extreme heat, vaporising the meteoroid and ionising the surrounding air.<\/span><\/p>\n The bright glow we see is a combination of:<\/span><\/p>\n This flash lasts only a second or two, but in that moment, a shooting star can shine brighter than Venus or even rival the Moon on rare occasions.<\/span><\/p>\n Meteoroids come from several sources:<\/span><\/p>\n Most meteoroids are fragments of asteroids<\/a>, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun, mainly between Mars and Jupiter. Collisions between asteroids create smaller pieces that can drift toward Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n Some meteoroids are shed by comets<\/a> as they approach the Sun. These icy bodies release dust and debris, forming a trail that Earth may pass through. When that happens, we get a meteor shower.<\/span><\/p>\n Rarely, large impacts on the Moon<\/a> or Mars can send rock fragments into space. A few of these eventually fall to Earth, where scientists study them as meteorites.<\/span><\/p>\n Generally, no. The vast majority of meteoroids that enter Earth\u2019s atmosphere burn up harmlessly before they reach the ground. On rare occasions, larger objects survive and cause damage, such as the Chelyabinsk meteor<\/a> in 2013, which exploded over Russia and injured over 1,000 people due to shockwaves.<\/span><\/p>\n However, such events are <\/span>extremely<\/span><\/i> rare. Most shooting stars are no bigger than a pebble and disintegrate long before reaching the ground.<\/span><\/p>\n Not all meteors are created equal. Some are especially bright and dramatic!<\/span><\/p>\n These are very bright meteors, typically brighter than magnitude -4 (the brightness of Venus). Fireballs may explode or flare dramatically during their descent.<\/span><\/p>\n A bolide is a fireball that explodes in a visible burst. These explosions can sometimes be heard as sonic booms. Bolides often fragment into multiple pieces and may even create meteorites.<\/span><\/p>\nWhat Is a Shooting Star?<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\nQuick Breakdown:<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Why Do Shooting Stars Glow?<\/span><\/h2>\n
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Where Do Meteoroids Come From?<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n1. Asteroids<\/span><\/h3>\n
2. Comets<\/span><\/h3>\n
3. Moon and Mars<\/span><\/h3>\n
Are Shooting Stars Dangerous?<\/span><\/h2>\n
What Are Fireballs and Bolides?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Fireballs<\/span><\/h3>\n
Bolides<\/span><\/h3>\n
When Can You See Shooting Stars?<\/span><\/h2>\n